The latest signatories to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are Guinea and Morocco on 9 December 2011. The total number of signatories is now 70. The Nagoya Protocol was opened for signature in February 2011. 90 days after deposit of the 50th instrument of ratification, the Nagoya Protocol will enter into force.
Genetic Resources, Equity and International Law.
Due to be published on May 31st, 2012 is
Genetic Resources, Equity and International Law by Camena Guneratne.
Dr Guneratne is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Legal Studies at the Open University of Sri Lanka.
- Publisher: Edward Elgar Pub
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 0857934945
- ISBN-13: 978-0857934949
Santa Claus, Coca-Cola and Trademarks
Bradford, in her 2009 paper ‘Trademark Dilution and Emotion’, sheds some unexpected light on the story of the Santa Claus traditionally featured in advertisements for Coca-Cola:
A third example is Coca-Cola, who in the 1930s used illustrations of Santa Claus to persuade consumers to drink its beverage even in cold weather. Not only was Coca Cola ‘free-riding’ off of St Nicholas’ positive emotional associations, it was not even the first company to do it. White Rock Ginger Ale, the brand leader for mineral water and ginger ale, had already used Santa Claus in its advertising for 15 years. Coke’s advertising campaign may have been an attempt to create associations with a more successful beverage company.
Bradford, Laura R., Trademark Dilution and Emotion (January 29, 2009). Berkley Technology Law Journal, Forthcoming; George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 09-08. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1334925
Intellectual Property and Biodiversity
Intellectual Property and Biodiversity: Rights to Animal Genetic Resources by Michelangelo Temmerman is to be published on 19th December.
This is a significant resource at 320 pages. This book covers:
- the continuing applicability of trademarks, geographical indications, copyright, and trade secrets;
- patentability rules and exclusions;
- the extension of patent rights over progeny;
- the underlying elements deciding on the shape of regulation – innovation, economic development, agriculture, human rights, animal welfare, the conservation of resources, and equal trading conditions;
- the meaning of ‘essentially biotechnological processes’;
- the legal definitions of ‘morality’ and ‘ordre public’ in the context of animal welfare;
- and the future of international patent law in the context of global governance theories.
Intellectual Property and Biodiversity has a detailed investigation of how three major jurisdictions – the European Union, the United States, and Canada – have regulated the matter and highlights unresolved issues in the laws dealing with animal genetic resources.
Contractual Arrangement Regarding Protection of Traditional Knowledge Holders
Just possibly you don’t follow all the European Society of International Law (ESIL) Conference Papers.
In that case you would miss this one.
Their paper looks at private contractual arrangements and is worth having a look at.
Abstract:
In the wake of increasingly widespread bio prospecting and commercial use of indigenous knowledge by enterprises and research institutions, a variety of international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992), the CBD Bonn Guidelines (2002), the FAO’ International Treaty on Plant and Genetic Resources (2001), the the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Draft Provisions on Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore and Traditional Knowledge (2004) have proposed certain formulas for the protection of traditional knowledge (TK). The existing legal frameworks of TK protection at the international level lack specific instruments for TK protection, and rather constitute a soft law, and some regional and national laws that provide indigenous peoples with property rights over TK are not internationally recognized. There is still no operating binding international agreement that provides effective protective measures. The article argues that in the meanwhile private contractual arrangement constitutes one of the major instruments to protect TK during the bio prospecting process. Nevertheless, whether the contract basis is always workable and equitable remains controversial. The article aims to assess whether a contract model may properly protect indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge related to genetic resources. It will explore the strength and weakness of using contracts for the protection of TK holders. Among the most significant advantages are the freedom of concluding a contract and its flexibility. Thus, the contract could be of a very flexible instrument, fitting the peculiarities of a particular transaction. On the other hand, the approach has some limitations, such as an imbalance of bargaining powers between contracting parties.
